A-level有机化学——化学反应总结

    在学习A-level化学时，要学会总结题目中涉及到的化学反应类型，一点一滴地积累，从而做到积少成多。下面就是在A-level有机化学中涉及到的化学反应。

    1.    Alkane à chloroalkane

      reagents: Cl₂
      conditions: UV light
      mechanism: free radical substitution
      equation: RH + Cl₂ à RCl + HCl
    2.    Alkene à polyalkene
      Conditions: low T, high p.
      Equation:
   

      Type of reaction: addition polymerisation (free radical)
    3.    Alkene à bromoalkane
      Reagent: HX(g)
      Conditions:  room T
      Equation:

      Type of reaction: electrophilic addition
    4.    Alkene à dibromoalkane
      Reagent: Br₂ in water or in an organic solvent
      Conditions:  room T
      Equation:

      Mechanism: electrophilic addition
    5.    Alkene à alkylhydrogensulphate
      Reagent: concentrated sulphuric acid
      Conditions: cold
       Equation:

      Mechanism: electrophilic addition
    6.    Alkylhydrogensulphate à alcohol

      Reagent: water
      Conditions: warm
      Equation:

      Type of reaction: hydrolysis
    7.    Alkene à alcohol
      Reagent: steam
      Conditions: 300 ^oC, 60 atm, H₃PO₄ catalyst
      Equation:

      Type of reaction: hydration
    8.    Haloalkane à alcohol
      Reagent: NaOH(aq) or KOH(aq)
      Conditions: warm under reflux
      Equation: R-X + OH^- à R-OH + X^-
      Type of reaction: nucleophilic substitution
    9.    Haloalkane à nitrile
      Reagent: KCN in aqueous ethanol
      Conditions: boil under reflux
      Equation: R-X + CN^- à R-CN + X^-
      Type of reaction: nucleophilic substitution

    10.  Haloalkane à Amine

      Reagent: ammonia in ethanol in a sealed tube
      Conditions: heat
      Equation: R-X + 2NH₃ à R-NH₂ + NH₄X
      Type of reaction: nucleophilic substitution
    11.  Haloalkane à alkene

      Reagent: KOH in ethanol
      Conditions: heat
      Equation:

      Type of reaction: elimination
    12.  Primary alcohol à aldehyde
      Reagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid
      Conditions: warm, distillation
      Equation: RCH₂OH + [O] à RCHO + H₂O
      Type of reaction: mild oxidation
    13.   Secondary alcohol à ketone

      Reagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid
      Conditions: heat, distillation
      Equation: R₁CH(OH)R₂ + [O] à R₁COR₂ + H₂O
      Type of reaction: oxidation
    14.  aldehyde à carboxylic acid
      Reagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid
      Conditions: heat, reflux
      Equation: R-CHO + [O] à R-COOH
      Type of reaction: oxidation
    15.  Alcohols à alkenes
      Reagent: concentrated sulphuric acid
      Conditions: heat
      Equation:

      Type of reaction: elimination
    16.  glucose à ethanol
      reagent: yeast
      conditions: 35 – 55 ^oC, no air
      equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ à 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂
      type of reaction: fermentation